Leetcode 专题暴击:二分法模板和变种

发布于 2023-05-22  493 次阅读


前言

在二分法中,需要熟练掌握模版,这里提供两个模版,一个是标准模版,另一个是不死模版。
标准模版是大多数 leetcode 模版里提供的答案,而不死模版是来自九章算法的“永不死循环模版”,各有各的好处。

当然,python 也提供 bisect 包,不过在面试中,非常不建议使用,不过对于 OA 解题,很推荐使用这个,因为省时省力。

接下来以在一个有序数组中搜寻一个 target 为例题,比较这仨者的区别。

↓ 点击题目就可以直接跳转到 leetcode 题目页面 ↓

基础题

704. Binary Search

test cases:

Input: nums = [-1,0,3,5,9,12], target = 9
Output: 4
Explanation: 9 exists in nums and its index is 4

Input: nums = [-1,0,3,5,9,12], target = 2
Output: -1
Explanation: 2 does not exist in nums so return -1

标准模版(注意事项已标注在代码中):
二分法基本图解

def search(self, nums: List[int], target: int) -> int:
    if not nums:
        return -1

    left, right = 0, len(nums) - 1
    while left <= right:  # 这里一定要 <=, left 和 right是允许重合的
        mid = left + (right - left) // 2  # 防止累加爆上限
        if nums[mid] == target:
            return mid
        if target < nums[mid]:
            right = mid - 1
        else:
            left = mid + 1
    return -1

而在不死循环模版里,我们把 while 的条件稍作修改(注意事项已标注在代码中):

def search(self, nums: List[int], target: int) -> int:
    if not nums:
        return -1

    left, right = 0, len(nums) - 1
    while left + 1 < right:  # 这里变成了 +1 <, 相当于在离1个的时候就停止了
        mid = left + (right - left) // 2  # 防止累加爆上限
        if nums[mid] > target:
            right = mid
        elif nums[mid] < target:
            left = mid
        else:
            return mid

    if nums[left] == target: # 最后对接近的left 做判断
        return left

    if nums[right] == target: # 最后对接近的right 做判断
        return right

    return -1

直接使用 bisect 包,方便省事,但不推荐面试中使用:

from bisect import bisect_left
def search(self, nums: List[int], target: int) -> int:
    num_size = len(nums)
    i = bisect_left(nums, target)
    return i if i < num_size and nums[i] == target else -1

二分法解法的复杂度分析:
Time complexity: O(log⁡N)
Space complexity: O(1)

35. Search Insert Position

这道题与前面那道题不同的一点,就是他要决定插入地点,那么这个就只需要修改一下最后条件即可。

test cases:

Input: nums = [1,3,5,6], target = 5
Output: 2

Input: nums = [1,3,5,6], target = 2
Output: 1

Input: nums = [1,3,5,6], target = 7
Output: 4
# 1. 标准模版
def searchInsert(self, nums: List[int], target: int) -> int:
    if not nums:
        return -1

    left, right = 0, len(nums) - 1
    while left <= right:  # 这里一定要 <=, left 和 right是允许重合的
        mid = left + (right - left) // 2  # 防止累加爆上限
        if nums[mid] == target:
            return mid
        if target < nums[mid]:
            right = mid - 1
        else:
            left = mid + 1
    return left

# 2. 不死模版
def searchInsert(self, nums: List[int], target: int) -> int:
        left, right = 0, len(nums) - 1
        mid = (left + right) // 2

        while left + 1 < right:

            mid = (left + right) // 2
            print(left, right, mid)
            if nums[mid] == target:
                return mid
            elif nums[mid] > target:
                right = mid
            else:
                left = mid

        if nums[right] < target: # 这里必须先使用right,想想为什么?
            return right + 1

        if nums[left] < target:
            return left + 1

        return left

# 3. bisect 包
def searchInsert(self, nums: List[int], target: int) -> int:
    return bisect.bisect_left(nums, target)

解法的复杂度分析:
Time complexity: O(log⁡N)
Space complexity: O(1)

34. Find First and Last Position of Element in Sorted Array

这道题涉及重复元素,那么要注意,在哪里停下呢?对 if 条件做修改即可
test cases:

Input: nums = [5,7,7,8,8,10], target = 8
Output: [3,4]

Input: nums = [5,7,7,8,8,10], target = 6
Output: [-1,-1]

Input: nums = [], target = 0
Output: [-1,-1]
# 1. 标准模版
def searchRange(self, nums: List[int], target: int) -> List[int]:
    def findLeft(nums, target):
        res = -1
        start, end = 0, len(nums) - 1
        while start <= end:
            mid = start + (end - start) // 2
            if nums[mid] >= target: # 把等于的情况,给到右边,这样就能找到左边界
                if nums[mid] == target:
                    res = mid
                end = mid - 1
            else:
                start = mid + 1
        return res

    def findRight(nums, target):
        res = -1
        start, end = 0, len(nums) - 1
        while start <= end:
            mid = start + (end - start) // 2
            if nums[mid] <= target: # 把等于的情况,给到左边,这样就能找到右边界
                if nums[mid] == target:
                    res = mid
                start = mid + 1
            else:
                end = mid - 1
        return res

    if nums == None or len(nums) == 0:
        return [-1, -1]
    return [findLeft(nums, target), findRight(nums,target)]

# 2. 不死模版
def searchRange(self, nums: List[int], target: int) -> List[int]:
    def findLeft(nums, target):
        start, end = 0, len(nums) - 1

        while start + 1 < end:
            mid = start + (end - start) // 2
            if nums[mid] >= target: # 把等于的情况,给到右边,这样就能找到左边界
                end = mid
            else:
                start = mid

        if nums[start] == target:
            return start
        if nums[end] == target:
            return end
        return -1

    def findRight(nums, target):
        start, end = 0, len(nums) - 1

        while start + 1 < end:
            mid = start + (end - start) // 2
            if nums[mid] > target:
                end = mid
            else: # 把等于的情况,给到左边,这样就能找到右边界
                start = mid

        if nums[end] == target: # 这种情况之下为什么要先判断end呢?
            return end
        if nums[start] == target:
            return start
        return -1

    if nums == None or len(nums) == 0:
        return [-1, -1]
    return [findLeft(nums, target), findRight(nums,target)]

# 3. bisect 包
def searchRange(self, nums: List[int], target: int) -> List[int]:
    if not nums:
        return [-1, -1]
    left,right = bisect.bisect_left(nums, target), bisect.bisect_right(nums, target)
    return [left, right - 1] if left < right else [-1, -1]

解法的复杂度分析:
Time complexity: O(log⁡N)
Space complexity: O(1)

702. Search in a Sorted Array of Unknown Size

Test cases:

Input: secret = [-1,0,3,5,9,12, ...], target = 9
Output: 4
Explanation: 9 exists in secret and its index is 4.

Input: secret = [-1,0,3,5,9,12, ...], target = 2
Output: -1
Explanation: 2 does not exist in secret so return -1.

这个基本思路跟前面的一样,只有一个判断 end 点在哪,那么我们只需要加一个地方,二分的解法与前面雷同啦!!

def search(self, reader, target):
    start, end = 0, 1
    # 比target小,就疯狂让end 以次方级别增加
    while reader.get(end) < target:
        end <<= 1

    # 这里用之前的二分解法就可以了,思路不变
    ...

74. Search a 2D Matrix

Test cases:

Input: matrix = [[1,3,5,7],[10,11,16,20],[23,30,34,60]], target = 3
Output: true

Input: matrix = [[1,3,5,7],[10,11,16,20],[23,30,34,60]], target = 13
Output: false

这个题,只需要把二维数组当成一维数组来看,然后就是一个标准的二分查找了。

1. 标准模版
def searchMatrix(self, matrix: List[List[int]], target: int) -> bool:
    m = len(matrix)
    if m == 0:
        return False
    n = len(matrix[0])

    left, right = 0, m * n - 1
    while left <= right:
        pivot_idx = (left + right) // 2
        # 这里我们根据每一行的长度,来计算出这个pivot_idx在二维数组中的位置
        pivot_element = matrix[pivot_idx // n][pivot_idx % n]
        if target == pivot_element:
            return True
        elif target < pivot_element:
            right = pivot_idx - 1
        else:
            left = pivot_idx + 1
    return False

# 2. 不死模版
def searchMatrix(self, matrix: List[List[int]], target: int) -> bool:
    m = len(matrix)
    if m == 0:
        return False
    n = len(matrix[0])

    left, right = 0, m * n - 1
    while left + 1 < right:
        pivot_idx = (left + right) // 2
        # 这里我们根据每一行的长度,来计算出这个pivot_idx在二维数组中的位置
        pivot_element = matrix[pivot_idx // n][pivot_idx % n]
        if target == pivot_element:
            return True
        elif target < pivot_element:
            right = pivot_idx
        else:
            left = pivot_idx

    if matrix[left // n][left % n] == target:
        return True
    if matrix[right // n][right % n] == target:
        return True
    return False

# 3. bisect 包
def searchMatrix(self, matrix: List[List[int]], target: int) -> bool:
    import bisect

    if target < matrix[0][0] or target > matrix[-1][-1]:
        return False

    first_column = [matrix[i][0] for i in range(len(matrix))]

    row = bisect.bisect(first_column, target) - 1
    if matrix[row][0] == target:
        return True

    col = bisect.bisect(matrix[row], target) - 1
    if matrix[row][col] == target:
        return True

    return False

变种题

153. Find Minimum in Rotated Sorted Array

Test cases:

Input: nums = [4,5,6,7,0,1,2], target = 0
Output: 4

Input: nums = [4,5,6,7,0,1,2], target = 3
Output: -1

Input: nums = [1], target = 0
Output: -1

思路:这道题也只是一个变种,只需要判断一下,如果 nums[start] < nums[end],那么就是有序的,直接返回 nums[start]就可以了。如果不是有序的,那么就是旋转过的,那么我们就需要判断一下,如果 nums[mid] > nums[mid - 1] and nums[mid] > nums[mid + 1],那么 nums[mid + 1]就是最小值。如果不是,那么我们就需要判断一下,如果 nums[mid] > nums[0],那么说明最小值在右边,否则就在左边。

mid 比最开始的值大
如果 mid 比最开始的值大,那么左边是有序的,最小值在右边

mid 比最开始的值小
如果 mid 比最开始的值小,那么右边是有序的,最小值在左边

# 1. 标准做法
def search(self, nums: List[int], target: int) -> int:
    start, end = 0, len(nums) - 1
    while start <= end:
        mid = start + (end - start) // 2
        if nums[mid] == target:
            return mid
        elif nums[mid] >= nums[start]:
            if target >= nums[start] and target < nums[mid]:
                end = mid - 1
            else:
                start = mid + 1
        else:
            if target <= nums[end] and target > nums[mid]:
                start = mid + 1
            else:
                end = mid - 1
    return -1

# 2. 不死循环做法
def findMin(self, nums: List[int]) -> int:
    if nums == None and len(nums) == 0:
        return -1

    start, end = 0, len(nums) - 1

    while start + 1 < end:
        if nums[start] < nums[end]:
            return nums[start]

        mid = start + (end - start) // 2

        # 因为while条件已经限制了3个元素,所以不用担心mid的边界问题
        if nums[mid] > nums[mid - 1]  and nums[mid] > nums[mid + 1]:
            return nums[mid + 1]
        else:
            if nums[mid] > nums[0]:
                start = mid
            else:
                end = mid

    # 这里需要注意,因为我们是找最小值,所以要比较一下start和end的值
    return min(nums[start], nums[end], nums[0])

# 3. bisect 包
import bisect
def search(self, nums: List[int], target: int) -> int:

    if len(nums) == 1:
        return 0 if nums[0] == target else -1

    for i in range(1, len(nums)):
        if nums[i-1] > nums[i]:
            break

    b_po = i
    n = -1

    if nums[0] <= target <= nums[b_po-1]:
        n = bisect.bisect_left(nums[:b_po], target)
    else:
        n = bisect.bisect_left(nums[b_po:], target)
        n = n + b_po

    if n != len(nums)  and nums[n] == target:
        return n
    return -1

154. Find Minimum in Rotated Sorted Array II

Test case:

Input: nums = [1,3,5]
Output: 1

Input: nums = [2,2,2,0,1]
Output: 0

这道题和前面那道题差距并不大,唯一的区别就是,这道题中的数组中可能会有重复的元素,所以我们需要做一下特殊处理,就是如果 nums[mid] == nums[start],那么我们就需要 start += 1,因为这个时候我们并不能确定最小值在哪一边,所以我们就需要 start += 1,然后再进行下一次的循环。

def findMin(self, nums: List[int]) -> int:
    if nums == None and len(nums) == 0:
        return -1

    start, end = 0, len(nums) - 1

    while start + 1 < end:
        if nums[start] < nums[end]:
            return nums[start]

        mid = start + (end - start) // 2

        if nums[mid] >= nums[mid - 1] and nums[mid] > nums[mid + 1]:
            return nums[mid + 1]
        else:
            if nums[mid] > nums[0]:
                start = mid
            elif nums[mid] == nums[0]: #
                start += 1
            else:
                end = mid

    return min(nums[start], nums[end], nums[0])

278. First Bad Version

Test case:

Input: n = 5, bad = 4
Output: 4
Explanation:
call isBadVersion(3) -> false
call isBadVersion(5) -> true
call isBadVersion(4) -> true
Then 4 is the first bad version.

这道题,仔细看没有什么思路,实际上,就是简单的二分法,只不过这道题的二分法的条件是,如果 mid 是 bad version,那么 end = mid,如果 mid 不是 bad version,那么 start = mid,最后返回 start 或者 end 都可以。

def firstBadVersion(self, n):
        """
        :type n: int
        :rtype: int
        """
        start, end = 0, n

        while start + 1 < end:
            mid = start + (end - start) // 2
            if isBadVersion(mid):
                end = mid
            else:
                start = mid

        return start if isBadVersion(start) else end

答案二分

875. Koko Eating Bananas

Test case:

Input: piles = [3,6,7,11], h = 8
Output: 4

Input: piles = [30,11,23,4,20], h = 5
Output: 30

Input: piles = [30,11,23,4,20], h = 6
Output: 23

这道题,其实就是一个二分法的变种,我们需要找到一个最小的速度,使得 Koko 能够在 h 小时内吃完所有的香蕉,那么我们就可以使用二分法,来找到这个最小的速度。

def minEatingSpeed(self, piles: List[int], h: int) -> int:

    def isValidSpeed(piles, speed, h):
        total = 0
        for item in piles:
            total += (item + speed - 1) // speed
            if total > h:
                return False
        return True

    if len(piles) > h:
        return -1

    start, end = 1, 1000000000

    while start + 1 < end:
        mid = start + (end - start) // 2
        if isValidSpeed(piles, mid, h):
            end = mid
        else:
            start = mid

    if isValidSpeed(piles, start, h):
        return start

    if isValidSpeed(piles, end, h):
        return end

    return -1

1283. Find the Smallest Divisor Given a Threshold

Test case:


Input: nums = [1,2,5,9], threshold = 6
Output: 5
Explanation: We can get a sum to 17 (1+2+5+9) if the divisor is 1.
If the divisor is 4 we can get a sum to 7 (1+1+2+3) and if the divisor is 5 the sum will be 5 (1+1+1+2).

这道题,其实就是一个二分法的变种,我们需要找到一个最小的 divisor,使得 sum((item + divisor - 1) // divisor for item in nums) <= threshold,那么我们就可以使用二分法,来找到这个最小的 divisor。

def smallestDivisor(self, nums: List[int], threshold: int) -> int:
    start, end = 1, 1000000

    while start + 1 < end:
        output = 0
        mid = start + (end - start) // 2

        if sum((item + mid - 1) // mid for item in nums) <= threshold:
            end = mid
        else:
            start = mid

    if sum((item + start - 1) // start for item in nums) <= threshold:
        return start

    if sum((item + end - 1) // end for item in nums) <= threshold:
        return end

    return start
做一个平静且愿意倾听的人。
最后更新于 2023-05-22